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<title>Lineworker</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lineworker</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Lineman</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">A lineman repairing a damaged power line</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Lineworker, powerline worker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a>, <a href="Industrial_Training_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Training Institute">Industrial Training Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>A <b>lineworker</b> (also called a <b>lineman</b> or <b>powerline worker</b>) constructs and maintains the <a href="Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric transmission</a> and <a href="Electricity_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity distribution">distribution</a> facilities that deliver electrical energy to industrial, commercial, and residential establishments. A lineworker installs, services, and emergency repairs electrical lines in the case of lightning, wind, ice storm, or ground disruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas those who install and maintain electrical wiring inside buildings are <a href="Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a>, lineworkers generally work at outdoor installations.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The occupation had begun in 1844 when the first <a href="Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> wires were strung between <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="Baltimore%2C_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a> carrying the famous message of <a href="Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a>, "What hath God wrought?"<sup id="cite_ref-IBEW125_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBEW125-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first telegraph station was built in <a href="Chicago%2C_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago</a> in 1848, by 1861 a web of lines spanned the United States and in 1868 the first permanent telegraph cable was successfully laid across the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-IBEW125_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBEW125-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telegraph lines could be strung on trees, but wooden poles were quickly adopted as the preferred method. The term <i>lineworker</i> was used for those who set wooden poles and strung wire. The term continued in use with the invention of the telephone in the 1870s and the beginning of <a href="Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> in the 1890s.

</p><p>This new electrical power work was more hazardous than telegraph or telephone work because of the risk of <a href="Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocution</a>. Between the 1890s and the 1930s, line work was considered one of the most hazardous jobs. This led to the formation of labor organizations to represent the workers and advocate for their safety. This also led to the establishment of <a href="Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> programs and the establishment of more stringent safety standards, starting in the late 1930s. The union movement in the United States was led by lineworker Henry Miller, who in 1890 was elected president of the <a href="International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">Electrical Wiremen and Linemen's Union, No. 5221</a> of the American Federation of Labor.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">rural electrification</a> drive during the <a href="New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> led to a wide expansion in the number of jobs in the electric power industry. Many powerline workers during that period traveled around the country following jobs as they became available in tower construction, <a href="Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">substation</a> construction, and wire stringing. They often lived in temporary camps set up near the project they were working on, or in boarding houses if the work was in a town or city, and relocating every few weeks or months. The occupation was lucrative at the time, but the hazards and the extensive travel limited its appeal.

</p><p>A brief drive to electrify some <a href="Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroads</a> on the <a href="East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> of the US-led to the development of specialization of powerline workers who installed and maintained <a href="Catenary_(railways)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catenary (railways)">catenary</a> <a href="Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead lines</a>. Growth in this branch of linework declined after most railroads favored <a href="Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a> over electric engines for replacement of steam engines.

</p><p>The occupation evolved during the 1940s and 1950s with the expansion of residential electrification. This led to an increase in the number of powerline workers needed to maintain power distribution circuits and provide emergency repairs. Maintenance powerline workers mostly stayed in one place, although sometimes they were called to travel to assist repairs. During the 1950s, some electric lines began to be installed in tunnels, expanding the scope of the work.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties">Duties</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Hot_stick" title="Hot stick">Hot stick</a> and <a href="Live-line_working" title="Live-line working">Live-line working</a></div>

<p>Powerline workers work on electrically energized (live) and de-energized (dead) power lines. They may perform several tasks associated with power lines, including installation or replacement of distribution equipment such as <a href="Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> banks, distribution transformers on poles, <a href="Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulators</a> and <a href="Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">fuses</a>. These duties include the use of ropes, knots, and lifting equipment. These tasks may have to be performed with primitive manual tools where accessibility is limited. Such conditions are common in rural or mountainous areas that are inaccessible to trucks.

</p><p>High voltage transmission lines can be worked live with proper setups. The lineworker must be isolated from the ground. The lineworker wears special conductive clothing that is connected to the live power line, at which point the line and the lineworker are at the same <a href="Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">potential</a>, allowing the lineworker to handle the wire. The lineworker may still be electrocuted if he or she completes an electrical circuit, for example by handling both ends of a broken conductor. Such work is often done by <a href="Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> by specially trained powerline workers.<sup id="cite_ref-vert2015-04_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vert2015-04-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isolated line work is only used for transmission-level voltages and sometimes for the higher distribution voltages. Live wire work is common on low voltage distribution systems within the UK and Australia as all linesmen are trained to work 'live'. Live wire work on high voltage distribution systems within the UK and Australia is carried out by specialist teams.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2></div>

<p>Becoming a lineworker usually involves starting as an apprentice and a four-year training program before becoming a "Journey Lineworker". Apprentice powerline workers are trained in all types of work from operating equipment and climbing to proper techniques and safety standards. Schools throughout the United States offer a pre-apprentice lineworker training program such as <a href="Southeast_Lineman_Training_Center" title="Southeast Lineman Training Center">Southeast Lineman Training Center</a> and <a href="Northwest_Lineman_College" title="Northwest Lineman College">Northwest Lineman College</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div>

<p>Lineworkers, especially those who deal with live electrical apparatus, use <a href="Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> (PPE) as protection against inadvertent contact. This includes rubber gloves, rubber sleeves, bucket liners, and protective blankets.

</p><p>When working with energized power lines, powerline workers must use protection to eliminate any contact with the energized line. The requirements for PPEs and associated permissible voltage depends on applicable regulations in the jurisdiction as well as company policy. Voltages higher than those that can be worked using gloves are worked with special sticks known as hot-line tools or <a href="Hot_stick" title="Hot stick">hot sticks</a>, with which power lines can be safely handled from a distance. Powerline workers must also wear special rubber insulating gear when working with live wires to protect against any accidental contact with the wire. The buckets powerline workers sometimes work from are also insulated with <a href="Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>.

</p><p>De-energized power lines can be hazardous as they can still be energized from another source such as interconnection or interaction with another circuit even when they appear to be shut off. For example, a higher-voltage distribution level circuit may feed several lower-voltage distribution circuits through transformers. If the higher voltage circuit is de-energized, but if lower-voltage circuits connected remain energized, the higher voltage circuit will remain energized. Another problem can arise when de-energized wires become energized through <a href="Electrostatic_induction" title="Electrostatic induction">electrostatic</a> or <a href="Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a> from energized wires nearby.

</p><p>All live line work PPE must be kept clean from contaminants and regularly tested for di-electric integrity. This is done by the use of high voltage electrical testing equipment.

</p><p>Other general items of PPE such as helmets are usually replaced at regular intervals.

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<ul><li><a href="Overhead_cable" title="Overhead cable">Overhead cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Wichita_Lineman" title="Wichita Lineman">Wichita Lineman</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFShoemakerMack2017" class="citation book cs1">Shoemaker, Thomas M.; Mack, James E. (March 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jharlen.com/p-9955-the-linemans-and-cablemans-handbook-13th-edition.aspx?gclid=CjwKCAiAsYyRBhACEiwAkJFKoosTNeZR_Af6TR4RXCbbE0A4wX4Wkk6weAGhJ_DAANi5Jb6En9uoexoCUboQAvD_BwE"><i>The Lineman's and Cableman's Handbook, 13th Edition</i></a>. McGraw Hill. p. 15. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780071850032</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-IBEW125-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBEW125_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBEW125_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>History & Structure: Celebrating 125 Years of IBEW Excellence</i>. Washington, DC: International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. July 1, 2016. p. 3.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibew.org/articles/01daily/0107/010711.htm">"Henry Miller: IBEW's Founder Kindled a Legacy"</a>. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, CLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-vert2015-04-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vert2015-04_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHead2015" class="citation news cs1">Head, Elan (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419023320/http://www.verticalmag.com/digital_issue/2015/v14i2/files/82.html">"High-value cargo"</a>. <i>Vertical Magazine</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>87. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verticalmag.com/digital_issue/2015/v14i2/files/82.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verticalmag.com/features/features_article/HighValueCargo">Weblink</a></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lineworkers" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Lineworkers">Lineworkers</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li>Thomas M. Shoemaker and James E. Mack. (2002) <i>The Lineman's and Cableman's Handbook</i>. Edwin B. Kurtz. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-07-136240-1</bdi>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iyQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1949+%22it+takes+years%22&pg=RA1-PA144"><i> "How Linemen Handle Hot Wires And Stay Alive" </i>, July 1949, Popular Science</a> basics explained on lineman safety for the general public</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124165835/http://www.iuota.org/">Inter-Utility Overhead Trainers Association</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fallenlinemen.org/">http://fallenlinemen.org/</a></li></ul>

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